APA, MLA

• paraphrase a part of the article + in-text citation;
  APA
  According to Dan Nimmo (1969), in the last few decades researchers and scientist in political sciences have focused attention on the impact of political campaigns in American elections. The reason is that election campaigns emphasize clearly the variety of human ambitions and frailties and also how the campaigning influences our lives. (Dan Nimmo, 1969, p. ix)
  MLA
  Dan writes in his “Political Persuaders. The Techniques of Modern Campaign” that in the last few decades researchers and scientist in political sciences have focused attention on the impact of political campaigns in American elections. The reason is that election campaigns emphasize clearly the variety of human ambitions and frailties and also how the campaigning influences our lives. Dan, Nimmo. “Political Persuaders. The Techniques of Modern Election Campaign”. (1969). 20 April 2009. http://books.google.com/books?id=lZ-zSSQelbwC&dq=political+persuaders&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=GJ33udFmEn&sig=oFOefntPoNokc36RJbAx7VROHXg&hl=en&ei=ASDsSZ3EDdGMsAbGlvmCBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1
  


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  summarize a part of the article + in-text citation;
  APA
  According to Dan (1969), in the last few yeas the role of American political campaigns has become of primary importance, not only for students of politics, but also for journalists and practitioners. This is due to the interest in studying how human ambitions, frailties, money, intelligence affected campaigns. (Dan, 1969, p. ix )
  MLADan writes in his book “Political Persuaders. The Techniques of Modern Election Campaign” that in the last few yeas the role of American political campaigns has become of primary importance, not only for students of politics, but also for journalists and practitioners. This is due to the interest in studying how human ambitions, frailties, money, intelligence affected campaigns. Dan, Nimmo. “Political Persuaders. The Techniques of Modern Election Campaign”. (1969). 20 April 2009. http://books.google.com/books?id=lZ-zSSQelbwC&dq=political+persuaders&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=GJ33udFmEn&sig=oFOefntPoNokc36RJbAx7VROHXg




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  choose a direct quotation from the article + in-text citation;
  APA
  Dan’s (1969) study found the following:
  In the last decade students of politics- journalists, political scientists, and practitioners- have expressed an increasing interest in the role played by political campaigns in American elections. There are a number of reasons for this: election campaigns reveal the full range of human ambitions and frailties in stark focus; and, too, we intuitively expect that, since so much time, money, intelligence, and emotional effort is expended on campaigning, it must have an effect on our lives that is worth exploring; finally, the behaviourist movement in the social sciences since World War II has stimulated scholars to examine campaigns as a major dimension of broader area of inquiry loosely designated political participation. (p. ix)
  MLA
  Dan observes, “In the last decade students of politics- journalists, political scientists, and practitioners- have expressed an increasing interest in the role played by political campaigns in American elections. There are a number of reasons for this: election campaigns reveal the full range of human ambitions and frailties in stark focus; and, too, we intuitively expect that, since so much time, money, intelligence, and emotional effort is expended on campaigning, it must have an effect on our lives that is worth exploring; finally, the behaviourist movement in the social sciences since World War II has stimulated scholars to examine campaigns as a major dimension of broader area of inquiry loosely designated political participation”. ( ix) Dan, Nimmo. “Political Persuaders. The techniques of Modern Election Campaign. (ix)” (1969).
  




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  write the bibliographic reference that comes at the end of a paper
  APA
  Dan, N. Political Persuaders. The Techniques of Modern Election Campaign. Available from http://books.google.com/books?id=lZ-zSSQelbwC&dq=political+persuaders&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=GJ33udFmEn&sig=oFOefntPoNokc36RJbAx7VROHXg&hl=en&ei=ASDsSZ3EDdGMsAbGlvmCBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1
  MLA
  Dan, Nimmo. Political Persuaders. The Techniques of Modern Election Campaigns. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, 1969. 20 April 2009. http://books.google.com/books?id=lZ-zSSQelbwC&dq=political+persuaders&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=GJ33udFmEn&sig=oFOefntPoNokc36RJbAx7VROHXg&hl=en&ei=ASDsSZ3EDdGMsAbGlvmCBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1

I think that APA and MLA styles are really useful as I have always had problems in writing citations and references. Anyway, I did the task related to MLA and APA, but I am not sure I did it correctly. I found the APA easier than the other. When I wrote my BA I used more the APA style.

Here are some examples of the references at the bottom of the BA:
1) Thomas, Alexander (2003), Psychologie interkulturellen Handelns, 2., unveränd. Aufl.,Göttingen [u.a.] , Verlag Hogrefe, Verl. für Psychologie
2) Buhl-Böhnert, T. (2004), Interkulturelle Kompetenz, in „Agogik“, Nr. 3-9/2004, 27. Jg (2004). http://www.kulturtourismuswallis.ch/neat-zukunft/skizze.htm
Here are some examples about quotations within the BA:
1) „So kenne ich mich gar nicht. So bin ich eigentlich nicht“ (Kumbier, Thun 2006 : 171).
2) Reference written at the bottom of the page in reference to the quotation:
Wir fühlen uns hier unglücklich, also ist das fremde Land schlecht [1]
[1]Lutterjohann, Martin (1998), Kulturschock Japan , [andere Länder - andere Sitten, Alltagskultur, Tradition, Verhaltensregeln, Religion, Tabus, Mann und Frau, Stadt- und Landleben usw.],4., aktualisierte Aufl., Bielefeld/Brackwede, Verlag Reise-Know-How-Verl. Rum. S.148.


Similarities between APA and MLA are the kind of margin that is 1 in both styles.

Differences between the two styles involve citing reference within the document- this process is also called parenthetical- citing .sources found on the WWW, quotations, title pages, and the format of the first page
The APA style requires the writer to place the author's last name, date of publication, and the page number of the reference in parenthesis, while the MLA style requires the writer to place the author’s name and page number of the reference in parenthesis.
Another difference occurs in citing sources from the World Wide Web. In the MLA style requires to include the author’s last name, first name and title of document. Then the title of the complex work, version or file number, document data or date of last version protocol and address, and access path.
The APA style requires another type of format: author’s last name, initial, date of document, title of document, title of complete work, version or file number, edition or revision number, protocol, address, and access path or directories.
The format of the MLA style is the following: . Student’s name at the hand-left margin at the bottom, followed by the instructor's name, the course name and number, and the date. These items are all found on separate, double-spaced lines. Then the paper is double-spaced and the title is centred. The APA style requires a separate title page. The title of the paper should be centred on the page with the short title and page at the top right. The student’s name is one double-space below student name and if there is no institutional affiliation, the city and state or city and country of the author should be used.
There is also a difference in quotation marks. The MLA style prefers longer quotations (longer than 4 lines) to have double indented lines, single spaces and the use of quotation marks used only by the author. The APA style in long quotations of 40 or more words is to be formatted with double-space with no quotation marks. It is also indented five spaces from the margin.